The Relationship Between The Counsellor And The Client

It is that the individual has within himself or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed behavior - and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided. This definition by Carl Rodgers (1986) sets the platform upon which the relationship between the counsellor and the client may be understood. Helping skills used by practitioners are aimed at establishing a therapeutic dialogue with the client that facilitates change and progress. An effective sport psychologist should seek to inculcate a number of basic helping skills in order to build rapport, instill trust in the client and encourage collaboration. Helping skills aid in making personal contact with the client and being present not only physically but, emotionally and cognitively as well. Unconditional positive regard which is a key component of helping skills involves being non-judgmental a nd leads to the client feeling unique and worthwhile. A counselor who displays empathy, genuineness and acceptance may create a safe therapeutic environment for the client and aid them in feeling comfortable enough to narrate their ‘story’ in an open and honest manner. This further helps to formulate the required conditions needed for positive change within the client. It is also noted that, effective use of helping skills lays the foundation upon which the success of future interventions withShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"the Relationship Between Counsellor and Client Is the Most Influential Factor in Whether Counselling ‘Works’†. Critically Discuss This Statement from the Perspective of at Least Three Approaches to Counselling.2074 Words   |  9 PagesRelationships play an important role in everyday life. You or I may define a relationship with a person in many different ways depending on the context with whom the relationship is with, whether this be pe ers, colleagues or loved ones. So is it possible to have a relationship with someone who you don’t know, someone such as a therapist? It may be possible; however this is not the type of relationship that is being described within counselling therapy. The client-counsellor relationship is unlikeRead MoreThe Key Elements Of Person Centred Counselling1284 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican psychologist and the founder of what is now known as person-centred counselling or psychotherapy. Rogers was and still is held in high regard throughout many different fields of research, with numerous advantageous publications, such as ‘Client centred Therapy’ (1951) and ‘Freedom to learn’ (1969). Phaneuf (1996) published â€Å"Rogers the man and his ideas. In which Phaneuf (1996) described Rodgers as deeply disheartened with the behavioural therapies that took precedence at this period inRead MoreWhat Is Client Centered Theory?955 Words   |  4 Pagesmost widely known humanistic psychology method created by Carl Rogers is called client-centred therapy: when a therapeutist is applying techniques, such as active listening, making an empathic, sincere and calming environment for the client‘s development. Implementing Client-Centred therapy a psychotheraphist has to focus on the client‘s conscious understanding instead of interpreting his opinion. This is why client-centred therapy is also called non-directive therapy. The aim of Person- centredRead MoreWhat Is Client Centered Theory?968 Words   |  4 Pagesmost widely known humanistic psychology method created by Carl Rogers is called client-centred therapy: when a therapeutist is applying techniques, such as active listening, making an empathic, sincere and calming environment for the client‘s development. Implementing client-centred therapy a psychotheraphist has to focus on the client‘s conscious understanding instead of interpreting his opinion. This is why client-centred therapy is also called non-directive therapy. The aim of Person- centredRead MoreEthical Framework, Limits of Proficiency and the Limitations on Counsellors Compared to Other Professions That Use Counselling Skills1297 Words   |  6 PagesPROFICIENCY AND THE LIMITATIONS ON COUNSELLORS COMPARED TO OTHER PROFESSIONS THAT USE COUNSELLING SKILLS. The Ethical Framework is made up of rules and regulations within which Counsellors and Psychotherapists strive to achieve in order to attain a high professional standard. It protects client and counsellor and compounds values, principles and personal moral qualities for counsellors to work alongside in order to achieve the highest standard of counselling for clients. These include safety, recordRead Morecounselling theory essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Counselling Skills Theories Theory Essay Written Introduction In this essay I will describe key elements of Psychodynamic theory, Person-Centred theory and Cognitive-Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the above theories. I shall also describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will then end with my conclusion. 1.1 Key elements of psychodynamic theory Dr Sigmud Freud (1856-1939), is the founder ofRead MoreDescribe and Discuss Ethical Frameworks Within Which Counselling and Therapeutic Practitioners Work. Include Justification for Observing Codes of Conduct and How Professionalism Is Maintained.1578 Words   |  7 Pagespractice for both practitioner and client. This will include safety, record keeping, confidentiality and issues such as bias, prejudice and transference. To have good ethical practice within counselling it is important that there are boundaries and contracts in place that are agreed to and understood by both the counsellor and the client. At the start of each new counselling session it is important that a contract is set out between the client and counsellor. The BACP states good practice involvesRead MoreEssay on How Does Counselling Differ from Other Helping Skills1331 Words   |  6 Pageshelping professionals, such as counsellors, social workers, psychiatrists, doctors, etc. For all of these professionals it is their formal role to help people manage distressing problems of life, but the help that is given can be very different depending on the profession of the helper their specific skills. This assignment aims to consider how counselling differs from other forms of helping. Not every person who uses counselling skills is designated a counsellor. We can distinguish two groupsRead MoreEssay on Short Answer Questions - Ethics1084 Words   |  5 PagesName two important circumstances in which counsellor would consider breaching confidentiality. What factors would need to be considered and what steps might be taken, before making this decision? Confidentiality is someone who is trusted with private or secrecy matter; confidential whisper or issue. (Credo Reference, 2001). Certain situations where the confidentiality between client and therapist, may need to be breached to ensure the safety of the client him/herself, the community or ourselvesRead MoreRelationship Building in Counseling Process1625 Words   |  7 PagesRELATIONSHIP BUILDING IN COUNSELING PROCESS â€Å"Relationship† is a term that has been used in many different situations. It could imply the ties between two people in love, the bond between family members or close friends or colleagues or even the bond between a person and his or her pet. In conselling, relationship takes on a more specific meaning. The counsellor establishes rapport with the client based on trust, respect and mutual prupose. When there is good rapport, a positive psychological

Essay on Use of Satire to Attack Optimism in Voltaires...

Use of Satire to Attack Optimism in Voltaires Candide In its time, satire was a powerful tool for political assault on Europes corrupt and deteriorating society. Voltaires Candide uses satire to vibrantly and sarcastically portray optimism, a philosophical view from the Enlightenment used to bury the horrors of 18th century life: superstition, sexually transmitted diseases, aristocracy, the church, tyrannical rulers, civil and religious wars, and the cruel punishment of the innocent. Through the steady adversity faced by Candide, Voltaire brings up important questions about how the nature of optimism appears to commoners. Panglosss philosophy of the best of all possible worlds - an example of the misleading†¦show more content†¦Mentioned above, Candide fervently attacks the idea that optimism, which says that rational thought can restrain the evils committed by humans. It can be concluded that Voltaire attacks optimism because he did not believe that the sole power of thought and reason could overcome modern social institutions with. For example, Voltaire has Pangloss (a characterization of the typical optimist) prove admirably that there is no effect without a cause, and that, in this best of all possible worlds, the Barons castle was the most magnificent of castles, and his lady the best of all possible Baronesses (1). This reasoning, along with the infamous nose has been formed to bear spectacle (2) conclusion are irrelevant trains of thought. These misconstrued ideas that everything was made to work perfectly together is not a cohesive explanation outside of Panglosss mind. Voltaire proves, in paragraphs following the description of the magnificent castle, that in reality things do not go as planned. The Utopian castle remarks are contradicted when Candides simple and easy life is complicated by his ousting from the most magnificent of castles. The great Baron banished his daughters love because he was not of as noble heritage as she. This event does not coincide with the ideas that everything fit s together works well together. ToShow MoreRelatedSatire in Candide by Voltaire Essay example1474 Words   |  6 PagesSatire in Candide by Voltaire Voltaire who was a French writer, philosopher and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment is known as one of the greatest satirist ever. Voltaire wrote about important genres: tragedy, history, philosophy and fiction just as his English contemporary Samuel Johnson. American heritage dictionary defines satire as, An artistic work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit. Irony or caustic wit used to expose or attack human follyRead MoreCandide by Voltaire Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesCandide Voltaire’s most classic work, Candide, is a satiric assault on most everything that was prevalent in society during the author’s lifetime. The entire novel can be regarded as a bleak story where every character compares life stories to see whose life is worse. Just when the novel cannot get anymore morbid or depressing, it does, to a much greater degree. While Candide is generally considered a universal denunciation, it is optimism that Voltaire is attacking to the greatestRead More Candide by Voltaire Essay example1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthe author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism. The the novella, Voltaire portrays the idea of Optimism as being illogical and absurd. In Candide, Voltaire satirizes the doctrine of Optimism, an idea that was greatly used during the Enlightenment time period by philosophers. In this narrative, Candide is a young man who goes through a series of undertakings and ventures around the the globe where he experiences evil and adversity. Throughout his journeys, Candide maintained the ideas ofRead MoreEssay on Candide: a Satire on the Enlightenment604 Words   |  3 PagesCandide is an outlandishly humorous, far-fetched tale by Voltaire satirizing the optimism espoused by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. It is the story of a young mans adventures throughout the world, where he witnesses much evil and disaster. Throughout his travels, he adheres to the teachings of his tutor, Pangloss, believing that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds. Candide is Voltaires answer to what he saw as an absurd belief proposed by the Optimists - anRead MoreEssay about Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide1568 Words   |  7 PagesSuccessful Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide Voltaires Candide is the story of how one mans adventures affect his philosophy on life. Candide begins his journey full of optimism that he lives in the best of all possible worlds, but he learns that it is naà ¯ve to say that good will eventually come of any evil.   Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about many aspects of European society in the eighteenth century.   He criticizes religion, the evils foundRead MoreThe s Candide And The Old Woman Arrive Of Cadiz, And Of Their Embarkation1422 Words   |  6 PagesVoltaire’s Candide, or Optimism is widely regarded as a work of the enlightenment period and offers a satire on philosophy, religion and current events (of the time). This essay aims to provide an analysis of Chapter 10: In what distress Candide, Cunà ©gonde and the old woman arrive in Cadiz, and of their embarkation. Firstly considering terms of context this essay will look at the way knowledge of philosophy and attitudes towards women illuminate the readers understanding of the passage. SecondlyRead MoreThe Candide By Francois Marie Arouet970 Words   |  4 PagesWorld History-H/P8 January 7th 2015 Candide Candide was written by Franà §ois-Marie Arouet or as he is most well known by his pen name, Voltaire. Candide was published by Sirà ¨ne in January 1759. This book was chosen because it is relevant to the Enlightenment through the stories of Candide. mentions many key points that period. One reason why this book is very controversial and important is because the enlightenment believed in the Leibnizian philosophy of blind optimism, but Voltaire criticizes it throughoutRead MoreWhat was the historical significance of Voltaires Candide and its relevance during the Enlightenment?1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat was the historical significance of Voltaires Candide and its relevance during the Enlightenment? In his work, Candide, Voltaire uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about many aspects of European society in the eighteenth century, a period known as the Enlightenment. This Age of Reason swept through Europe, offering differing views on science, religion, and politics. The following essay will outline the philosophical theory of Pangloss, a character of the novel and suggestRead More Essay on Satire in Voltaires Candide625 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Satire in Voltaire’s Candide  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about life.   In his novel, Candide, Voltaire satirizes the philosopher Liebnitzs philosophy that this is the best of all possible worlds.   In the novel, the perpetually optimistic and naive character, Candide, travels around the world, having various experiences that prove, at least to the reader, that evil does exist.      In one particular passage, Voltaire uses explicitRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Voltaire1572 Words   |  7 Pageswas at an all-time low. Voltaire’s French philosophy included free-thinking and the struggle for defense of civil liberties, in which he uses almost every known literary form, including novels, poetry, and performance art such as plays. His intellectual skepticism of traditional beliefs and dogmas denotes an â€Å"illumined† contrast to the supposed dark and superstitious character of the Middle Ages. http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/gengloss/enlight-body.html 2. Satire is a literary genre in which

America’s First Black President Free Essays

America’s First Black President Years of terror and war brought Americans of all ethnicities to believed that a time for change had come; change came in the form of two minorities who had the ability and desire to revitalize a country that had been burdened with doubt and financial frailty. Times have changed, race is still controversy topic, but due to programs like Affirmative Action and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, minorities are stepping up to take places of power in our country. African Americans are no longer the disadvantaged citizens they once were considered to be, the media, internet and entertainment industries have evolved the thinking of Americans leading to the social acceptance of African Americans and other minority groups. We will write a custom essay sample on America’s First Black President or any similar topic only for you Order Now Americans’ have elected their first minority President and he won’t be the last. After 43 Presidential elections Americans made history by elected their 44th President, in 2008 Barack Obama, an African American man, was nominated and elected President of the United States. Obama was not the first African American to run for the honored position as United States President, the honor of the first African American who ran for this position belongs to a woman. In 1968, as a Democratic Party nomination for Presidency, Shirley Chisholm of New York made history by running not only being the first African American woman to run for President. She was followed by Jesse Jackson who ran for President in 1984 and 1988 and Lenora Fulani who also ran in 1988. In 2004, Carol Mosely Braun and Minister Al Sharpton also ran as Democratic Party candidates for United States President. The only African American Republican to run for President has been Alan Keys, he ran in 1996 and 2000. Obama faces criticism for not being ‘black enough’ even though anyone with even a small percentage of African American blood is considered, mixed blood has never before kept a man from being considered ‘black’ until the chance of a ‘black man’ being elected President became probable. For example, historical evidence has shown that Warren G. Harding the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 1923 was an ‘octoroon’ passing as white, with one African-American great-grandparent. Evidence of his mixed ancestry and the efforts to cover it up by his family because in the 1920’s even a hint of African American ancestry would have ruined his political career. Obviously even an individual with a smaller percentage of African American blood than President Barack Obama have been deemed ‘black enough’ for it to ruin their careers so claims that President Obama isn’t black enough are unfounded and just another attempt to belittle and criticize a black man for attempting to be great. African American have desired to lead their country for half a century, their country however, wasn’t ready for a minority leader until the state affairs became a mockery that was questioned by both it’s citizens and foreign allies. Some say that President Obama was the least qualified of all major candidates in both parties and the farthest to the left; with absolutely no military experience and no foreign policy experience. If this is true, then the question that begs to be answered is what prompted Americans to elect him as their President. Is the war on terror the only contributing factor that resulted in the election of an African American man as President of a country who historically only elected married Christian white middle aged males as their President or did the power of the media and youth lead to this victory? No, the war on terror is not what determined the 44th President of the United States. President Obama’s landmark victory was due, in part, to a groundswell of support among young Americans; he won nearly 70% of the vote among young Americans under 25. Unlike the African American who ran in the past President Obama had the media in his corner; the internet with social networking sites like Facebook and Youtube had significant impact on each candidate’s ability to garner voters support. With 2 million American supporters on Facebook and over 1500 video’s on YouTube about Barack Obama, it’s no wonder that his name and face was recognizable by so many. When Barack Obama first announced his candidacy, many said that America was not ready to elect a black president and that he could not garner the votes necessary to defeat first the Democratic favorite, Hillary Clinton, and later John McCain in a nationwide election. Understanding the power of the media and influence American youth who are taking more active roles in politics is how President Barack Obama and his team managed to accomplish the difficult task of getting an African American elected as President. Debaters still argue whether that American’s first African American President is qualified for his role or not; the fact remains that whether he is ready or not his is President and has a duty to do his best just as the Presidents before him have done. Race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation should not have any bearings on the qualification of a presidential candidate; the fact that these characteristic do have influence the perception of a person’s ability proves that America hasn’t come as far as many minorities would hope for. Shunryu Suzuki says â€Å"Without accepting the fact that everything changes, we cannot find perfect composure. But unfortunately, although it is true, it is difficult for us to accept it. Because we cannot accept the truth of transience, we suffer. † A change has been made, it’s up to American citizens to accept that minorities are no longer minorities; men and women of every race, religion and sexual orientation know that in electing an African American as President we are one step closer to genuine equality in all Americans. How to cite America’s First Black President, Essay examples

Pepperoni Pizza free essay sample

My favorite food is pepperoni pizza. I believe my father’s pepperoni pizza is the best and most delicious pizza in the whole wide world. I love everything about my dad’s pizza but what I love the most is the smell, the exquisite taste and the fact that it is an affordable meal. Just by looking at the slice of pizza on my plate makes me hungry. The dazzling cheese dripping down the crust and the red spicy pepperoni dancing on the top of the melted cheese drives me crazy. The smell is priceless; the crisp baked crust with warm melting mozzarella cheese and sweet rich ripe tomato sauce makes my nose want to inhale the whole pizza. When I take the first bite of the luscious pizza I feel a party of flavors celebrating in my mouth. I also enjoy eating peperoni pizza because it is such a practical and affordable meal. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepperoni Pizza or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is not expensive to buy a pizza from Pizza Hut, or to even cook one at home. It is a really easy to put an entire meal together with a pizza. I have three choices when it comes to getting a pizza; I can order one, I can go to Pizza Hut and eat there, or my best personal favorite option, I can ask my father to bake one. His pizzas are the picture perfect scene that literally invites you to take a bite. The flavor that never fails, and the touch of love my father adds to my plate, make his pizza my favorite thing to eat in the whole wide world.

20 Physical Education Thesis Topics That Worry People in the 21st Century

20 Physical Education Thesis Topics That Worry People in the 21st Century The physical education thesis topics must be actual and popular. It’s necessary to learn what people are interested in. If your topic is not interesting enough, then you will lack the interest to write the paper, and you’ll lose points because the examiners expect to read and learn something interesting and even new. That’s why a student has to do a thorough research to find worthy sources and reliable facts. On the other hand, students may possess facts, but be not ready to identify the topic that might be really captivating and unexplored enough. Physical Inactivity: The Biggest and the Most Dangerous Source of Health Problems in the 21st Century What’s More Effective for Human Health Condition: PE Lessons, Sport, Traditional Exercising Or Dancing? Obesity: The Result of Wrong Nutrition or Lack of Activity One Hour of Physical Activity a Day: Is It Enough to Remain Healthy? What Type of Exercising Is the Most Useful for Weight Loss? Is Fat-free Dairy Healthy and Helpful to Get a Perfect Body? Protein Diet Peculiarities and Gym Exercising for Males and Females: The Cons and Pros What Is the Main Reason for Children’s Obesity and How to Cope with It? How to Become Motivated to Start Leading a Healthy Way of Life and Enlarge Physical Activity? Is It Possible to Have a Perfect Body Combining Fast Food Consumption and Enough of Physical Activity? Can a Person Be Healthy and Have Attractive Body Remaining Physically Inactive? How Does Economic Situation of Less Developed Countries Influence Various Types of Sport That Require Specialized Equipment (e.g., Biathlon, Swimming, Golf, Hockey, Bob Slay, Etc.)? In What Way Does It Influence Overall Global Performance? Can Supplements Substitute Vitamins and Minerals Which Healthy Food Contain? Why Are Male Sports More Popular Among Viewers Than Female One? How Does It Impact Women’s Preferences in Sports Choices and Selection of Possible Career Variants (Connected or Non-connected with Sport)? Can a Person Participate in Sports Competitions without Discrimination If He/She Has Other Religious Beliefs, Belongs to Other Race or Is a Homosexual? Does a Racial Factor Play a Great Role In Sport? (e.g., Afro-Americans Are Believed to Be Excellent Runners and Latin-Americans Are Better Football Players) People Who Have Inborn Skinny or Massive Body Structure and Whose Relatives Are the Same Cannot Gain or Lose Weight Because of Genetics. Is That True? Can High Physical Activity Change the Situation? Some People Are Afraid to Do Professional Sport Because of High Risk of Getting Traumas. The Problem Is That They Don’t Trust Field Medical Remedies. Is It as Effective as Professional Hospital Assistance? What Method of Weight Loss Is the Most Effective: Breathing Exercises, Diets Or High Physical Activity? What Can Facilities for Sports Developing Offer to Different Educational Institutions? One more important point is that physical education is a good issue for investigation. People always will be interested in keeping healthy and fit. Trying to find a worthy topic, it’s necessary to answer FAQ questions on various websites devoted to the healthy way of life including dieting, physical education curriculum, and sport. In this way, you may get not only excellent idea for your thesis but 100% verified facts gotten from real people and not just scientists. People of different professions participate in discussions and may supply you with necessary data. Sample Essay: Dancing as the Best Exercising for Females A great number of people consider dancing to be just a kind of entertainment. People feel good when they energetically move listening to music. Ancient Egyptians danced for their gods before and during various rituals. Dancing was an integral part of rituals performed by Indian tribes. It’s quite problematic to find a dancer with excessive weight. The reason is that dancing requires the use of almost all human muscles. It helps to get rid of fat, acquire perfect body shape, and improve general health condition. Dancing is a perfect choice for females who don’t want to look like a bodybuilder but to be slim and slender. One more benefit of this type of activity is that it slows down the aging process. As a result, dancers look younger than they really are. The statistic shows that regular dancing equals professional swimming, cycling, and running. Dancing helps to prevent osteoporosis that often troubles women. Regular dancing improves bones condition and metabolism process. Such activity also makes blood circulation better resulting in healthier heart and normal blood pressure. Dancing is also a perfect calorie burner. The scientists have estimated that one minute of dancing helps a person get rid of 5-10 calories. Even slow dances are helpful. For example, Waltz and Foxtrot burn 144 calories during one hour basing on 100 pounds. Quick dances like, for example, Salsa and Twist can help to get rid of approximately 290 calories base on 100 pounds. Dancing is beneficial for women with d iabetes and high cholesterol level. Active practicing lowers the level of bad cholesterol and decreases the level of sugar in the blood. Sports improve the functioning of the lungs, and dancing also does that. By the way, dancers have a better memory (because they have to remember a lot of movements and steps for one dance), strong muscle system, and it takes more time for such people to get tired, to say nothing about exhaustion. The survey shows that women have better mood after dancing lessons. Scientists have found out that the reason is in endorphins produced by women’s organism during such lessons. Due to that, females feel less depressed and can cope with more tasks than usual. If a woman wants to have a slender waist and good abdominal muscles without exhausting exercises in the gym, she can turn to Middle Eastern dance. People know it as belly dancing. Quadriceps, gluteus, and hamstrings are used in belly dancing. A dancer uses all parts of the body despite the fact that it’s called â€Å"belly dance†. That’s why belly dancers have attractive hips, nice flat stomach, beautiful arms, and plastic body. In case a person wants to lose weight quickly, it’s necessary to go in for aerobic dancing. Thanks to this dancing type people can lose up to 550 calories per hour! People usually dance in pairs or in groups with the help of an instructor. That’s why scientists believe female dancers don’t feel lonely, improve their social skills, and even prevent early menopause. References: Chandler, T.J. (1988). Emergent athleticism: games in two English public schools, 1800-1860. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 5(3), pp. 312-330. BerkeleyStartupCluster. Eleven Examples Of Successful Dissertation Titles On Physical Education. berkeleystartupcluster.org/a-list-of-ideas-for-dissertation-titles-on-physical-education Thesis Helpers. 10 Outstanding Ideas For Dissertation Topics In Physical Education. thesishelpers.net/creating-winning-physical-education-dissertation-topics/

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander Seleucus was one of the Diadochi or successors of Alexander. His name was given to the empire he and his successors ruled. These, the Seleucids, may be familiar because they came into contact with the Hellenistic Jews involved in the revolt of the Maccabees (at the heart of the holiday of Hanukkah). Seleucuss Early Life and Family Seleucus himself was one of the Macedonians who fought with Alexander the Great as he conquered Persia and the western part of the Indian subcontinent, from 334 on. His father, Antiochus, had fought with Alexanders father, Philip, and so it is thought Alexander and Seleucus were around the same age, with Seleucus birthdate about 358. His mother was Laodice. Starting his military career while still a young man, Seleucus had become a senior officer by 326, in command of the royal Hypaspistai and on Alexanders staff. He crossed the Hydaspes River, in the Indian subcontinent, along with Alexander, Perdiccas, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, some of his fellow notables in the empire carved by Alexander. Then, in 324, Seleucus was among those Alexander required to marry Iranian princesses. Seleucus married Apama, daughter of Spitamenes. Appian says Seleucus founded three cities that he named in her honor. She would become the mother of his successor, Antiochus I Soter. This makes the Seleucids par t Macedonian and part Iranian, and so, Persian. Seleucus Flees to Babylonia Perdiccas appointed Seleucus commander of the shield bearers in about 323, but Seleucus was one of those who murdered Perdiccas. Later, Seleucus resigned command, surrendering it to Cassander, son of Antipater so that he could govern as satrap the province of Babylonia when the territorial division was made at Triparadisus in about 320. In c. 315, Seleucus fled from Babylonia and Antigonus Monophthalmus to Egypt and Ptolemy Soter. One day Seleucus insulted an officer without consulting Antigonus, who was present, and Antigonus out of spite asked for accounts of his money and his possessions; Seleucus, being no match for Antigonus, withdrew to Ptolemy in Egypt. Immediately after his flight, Antigonus deposed Blitor, the governor of Mesopotamia, for letting Seleucus escape, and took over personal control of Babylonia, Mesopotamia and all the peoples from the Medes to the Hellespont....- Arrian Seleucus Takes Back Babylonia In 312, at the Battle of Gaza, in the third Diadoch War, Ptolemy and Seleucus defeated Demetrius Polorcetes, son of Antigonus. The next year Seleucus took Babylonia back. When the Babylonian War broke out, Seleucus defeated Nicanor. In 310 he defeated Demetrius. Then Antigonus invaded Babylonia. In 309 Seleucus defeated Antigonus. This marks the start of the Seleucid empire. Then in the Battle of Ipsus, during the fourth Diadoch war, Antigonus was defeated, Seleucus conquered Syria. After Antigonus had fallen in battle [1], the kings who had joined with Seleucus in destroying Antigonus, shared out his territory. Seleucus obtained then Syria from the Euphrates to the sea and inland Phrygia [2]. Always lying in wait for the neighboring peoples, with the power to coerce and the persuasion of diplomacy, he became ruler of Mesopotamia, Armenia, Seleucid Cappadocia (as it is called) [3], the Persians, Parthians, Bactrians, Arians and Tapurians, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and all other neighboring peoples whom Alexander had conquered in war as far as the Indus. The boundaries of his rule in Asia extended further than those of any ruler apart from Alexander; the whole land from Phrygia eastwards to the river Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and made war on Sandracottus [4], king of the Indians about that river, and eventually arranged friendship and a marriage alliance with him. Some of these achievements belong to the period before the end of Antig onus, others to after his death. [...]- Appian Ptolemy Assassinates Seleucus In September 281, Ptolemy Keraunos assassinated Seleucus, who was buried in a city he had founded and named for himself. Seleucus had 72 satraps under him [7], so vast was the territory he ruled. Most of it he handed over to his son [8], and ruled himself only the land from the sea to the Euphrates. His last war he fought against Lysimachus for the control of Hellespontine Phrygia; he defeated Lysimachus who fell in the battle, and crossed himself the Hellespont [9]. As he was marching up to Lysimachea [10] he was murdered by Ptolemy nicknamed Keraunos who was accompanying him [11].This Keraunos was the son of Ptolemy Soter and Eurydice the daughter of Antipater; he had fled from Egypt through fear, as Ptolemy had in mind to hand over his realm to his youngest son. Seleucus welcomed him as the unfortunate son of his friend, and supported and took everywhere his own future assassin. And so Seleucus met his fate at the age of 73, having been king for 42 years.- Ibid Sources Diodorus xviii Justin xiiiPlutarchNeposJona LenderingCurtius x.5.7 fGreek Coins and Their Parent Cities, by John Ward, Sir George Francis HillMasters of Command by Barry StraussGhost on the Throne, by James RommAlexander the Great and His Empire, by Pierre Briant

Democracy and Reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Democracy and Reason - Essay Example Though the liberal democratic philosophy has always been supported from a wide assortment of philosophical quarters, realizing liberal democracy in terms of joint rational practice of community in politics has various attractive features. One attractive feature is being a perspective that comes across with the hunch so extensively introduced at the parturition of liberalism i.e. the intuition that the belief in the morals of liberal democracy and reason are not simply historically related but are linked logically in some cardinal ways. Moreover, the philosophy of logical or rational practice appears sufficiently capacious and complex to institute the whole array of values and norms present in liberalism such as equality, liberty, toleration, participation, community and rights instead of singling out and raising one of these values at the cost of rest of others. Thus there lies a possibility that liberal democratic theory can be grounded on a philosophically practicable construct of rational practice, thereby accommodating the interests of the communitarians with the best part of skeptical utilitarian as well as deontological variants of liberalism. The inclination of neo-Platonist to logically explain rationality has endured with full force in the twentieth century. It manifested not only by the widespread utilization of the term logical as a synonym for rational, but also in the propensity to interpret scientific question as applied logic and to construe languages as fallible logical calculi. This excessively idealized and constrained explanation of rationality has gained individuals by inducing the tremendously productive and significant mathematical constituents of science and by prodding all disciplines towards superior clarity and rigor. However it had various unfortunate consequences. It has impaired individuals with polarized lenses in our percepts of language and science, sorting the elements of linguist and scientific rationality that fail to fit in t he confines of rationality. And this application of excessively strict criteria for inclusion has lead to an ever-shrinking band of reason that has pushed progressively extensive domains of human practice and cognition into an unstructured slag heap of purportedly irrational phenomena. Most profound consequences are the distortion of any passable understanding of the significant and genuine function of rationality in Politics. That’s why it is quite essential for present-day political philosophy to discern that the last few decades have messed substantial improvements and alterations in the domains of philosophy that have straight impact upon the discernment of human reason. These modern philosophies were based on such assumptions that seemed to bring forth a pattern of vibrations among the neo-Kantian and utilitarian theories as each of them were not able to tackle the circumstances and situation in an adequate manner. Thus the deadlock existed in the discernment of practica l reason seemed to converge with the ethical quandary of liberal democratic theory converge at this point. The authority of the conniving model of reason has constructed a theory of combined prudence unmanageable if not inconceivable. But the most plausible and attractive way of justifying and understanding the liberal democratic exercises is to interpret them as an effort to substantiate the norms of joint prudence so as to consider liberal democracy in terms of a community of individuals who